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PHYS THER
Vol. 77, No. 3, March 1997, pp. 306-312
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Article

Screening for psychological factors in patients with low back problems: Waddell's nonorganic signs

DA Scalzitti

Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7251, USA. david.scalzitti@uic.edu

The role of Waddell's nonorganic signs test as a screening tool for psychological factors in the examination of patients with low back problems has been described. The presence of nonorganic signs should alert the physical therapist to the need for additional psychological tests and should not necessarily be considered an indicator of malingering. Nonorganic signs may coexist with organic findings. An illness behavior role of the nonorganic signs is suggested, as they have been related with disability in addition to physical impairments. Physical therapy management for these patients should focus on treatment of illness behavior and on combating disability.


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S. Haggman, C. G Maher, and K. M Refshauge
Screening for Symptoms of Depression by Physical Therapists Managing Low Back Pain
Physical Therapy, December 1, 2004; 84(12): 1157 - 1166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Copyright © 1997 by the American Physical Therapy Association.